Gains: See Dadoes.
Gauge: see Gauge Annex
General Shop: A
important concept from the Industrial Arts era of
technology education, it refers to the program established in the 1920s
which combines manual
training, drawing, and home economics into Industrial Arts.
Out of General Shop emerged the concept vital to the history of the
amateur woodworking, the homeworkshop
movement (links coming).
[notes,
to be edited] …By 1908, Lois Coffey had begun to attract
attention for her work from the state department of education in
Illinois. While at Macomb, Coffey, probably aided by several other
teachers, set up the first "general shop," in which students alternated
through experiences in shopwork, drawing, and home economics. This
eventually led to the integration of manual training, drawing, and home
economics into "industrial arts," a
term Coffey was using by 1909.
(Famously, Industrial
Arts was coined as a term in 1904, by Charles Richards) William E.
Warner's interpretation of the "general shop",
Policies in Industrial Arts
Education: Their Application to a Program for Preparing Teachers, would later revolutionize
industrial arts, and Warner would later credit Bonser
with the general shop theory. (see P.
Gemmill, "Industrial arts laboratory facilities-Past, present, and
future", in Martin, G. Eugene,ed., " Industrial arts education :
retrospect, prospect Bloomington, Ill. : American Council on Industrial
Arts Teacher Education, 1979)...
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Source:
Patrick N. Foster "The
Founders of Industrial Arts in the US", Journal of Technology Education 7, no 1 (?)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Gimlet:
Glues and
Gluing:
[need to deal with difference between "set time"
and "cure time"] Sources:
William Tandy
Young, "A Working
Guide to Glues" Fine Woodworking ; Lon Schleining "Gluing and Clamping Strategies",
Fine Woodworking 141
March-April
2000, pages ?; R.
Bruce Hoadley “Woodworking adhesives, used correctly, are
stronger than wood” Fine Woodworking ?; William
Tandy Young “A Working Guide to Glues”
Fine Woodworking ? ;
Edward Wright “Understanding Hide Glue” [Video ] Fine
Woodworking ; Scott Gibson “All About
Adhesives” Fine Woodworking
? ; Matt Berger “All About Epoxy” Fine
Woodworking
; Matt Berger “All About
Assembly and Glue Up” Fine Woodworking
; Niall Barrett
“Polyurethane Glue” Fine Woodworking ;
Nick Engler “Sticking with Hide Glue” Fine
Woodworking needs editing:
Sharpen With Sandpaper Fine
Woodworking Archive by Brent Beach Produce razor-sharp chisels and
plane blades in less time, with less mess;
Sandpaper: Scott Gibson “Choosing Sandpaper”
Fine Woodworking; Strother Purdy
“Making Sense of Sandpaper” Fine
Woodworking.
Golden Rectangle:
Also known as the "Golden Ratio" "Golden Section" and
"Golden Mean"
From the Greeks, the Golden
Rectangle -- a mathematical formula of great visual elegance -- is
arrived at by bisecting a square and using the diagonal of one
half of the square as a radius to extend the dimensions of the square
to become a "Golden Rectangle." Click here for an extended entry ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Grain: In
woodworking, a term applied to the arrangement of wood fibers; working
a piece of wood longitudinally may be either with or against the grain;
a cross-section, or transverse, cut of wood is called cross grain.
The rings
of a tree indicate its annual growth, and also the growth in each
season. In general, trees that grow rapidly (and thus have wide rings)
produce timber that is not as strong as a tree that grows slowly. The
fast-growing tree produces a coarse grain, the slow-growing tree a
close or fine grain. These refer to the cross-section grain of the
tree, of course. The grain made by the vertical fibers is referred to
as the straight grain—the one that is most usually worked in
carpentry.
Coarse-grained woods that produce a
rough-textured surface include oak, walnut, and chestnut. Fine-grained
woods that make a compact, smooth surface include maple, birch, and
pine.
Most lumber used at home presents a
flat-grain surface. For burl design effects, a cross grain can be used.
A further distinction in the way wood is cut is reflected in the grain
pattern. When the timber is sawed so that the annual rings form an
angle of 45 degrees or more with the wide faces of the board, the term
quarter-sawed is applied to hardwoods, and vertical or edge grain to
softwoods. When the angle is less than 45 degrees, the term plain-sawed
is applied to hardwoods and flat grain to softwoods.
Source:
Robert Campbell and N. H. Mager, How
to Work With Tools and Wood, New York: Pocket
Books, 1952, page 133 |
 
The image above and the quoted passage
below comes from the 1927 Stanley Tools woodworker's manual;
the image on the right above comes from the 1952
Stanley Tools Woodworker's manual.
CHAPTER II: How to Become Skillful
Craftsmanship is a combination of knowledge on how to use
tools and of skill with the hands. An old carpenter has more tricks of
the trade than he could possibly teach and no two carpenters' tricks
are the same in every instance. These tricks are a part of the day's
work. They come from cut and try or the trial and error method. You
could start today and in half an hour learn all by yourself several
things about tools and wood. If you took a plane to a piece of white
pine you would discover shortly that when you attempt to push the tool
against the grain you would not make a smooth cut, yet when you push
the plane with the grain you make a smooth cut which, with a sharp
plane, is almost as smooth as though you had sandpapered it down.
Lesson One. You have learned never to
plane a piece of wood until you have examined it to see what way the
grain runs. You will learn to plane always with the grain unless you
have a special finishing job requiring a special type of work. There is
no way of learning such facts except by trying.
Source:
Stanley Tools, How to Work With Tools and Wood --
For the Home Workshop New Britain, CT: Stanley Rule
and Level Plant, 1927, page 11.
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(Note: Be assured that I know what "grain" in wood
is; I am, however, enamored of the efforts by such woodworkers as Walt Durbahn,
and wish to do what I can to sustain the heritage that he and numerous
others leave in our past tradition of woodworking.)
Sources:
Stanley Tools, How
to Work With Tools and Wood -- For the Home Workshop
New Britain, CT: Stanley Rule and Level Plant, 1927; Walter E. Durbahn
and J. Ralph Dalzell, Dictionary
of Carpentry Terms. Chicago: American
Technical Society, 1947; Robert Campbell and N. H. Mager, How
to Work With Tools and Wood, New York: Pocket
Books, 1952; Paul Harrel, "Designing Along the Grain", Practical
Design: Solutions and Strategies -- Key
Advice for Sound Construction from Fine Woodworking
Newtown, CT: Taunton, 2000; ; Harvey
Green,Wood: Craft, Culture, History.
New York: Penguin, 2006.
Grindstone:
for
keeping a keen edge on a tool made of steel
— chisels, plane irons,
and the like — the lumbering grindstone, running
under dripping water and turning ever so slowly, could do a lasting
job.
No grindstone should be
exposed to the weather; it injures the woodwork, and the rays of the
sun will harden the stone, so that in time it will become useless;
neither should it be allowed to run in water, as the part remaining in
it softens and wears away faster than the other portion. The water
should be dropped or poured on.... By attending to these rules
cabinet-makers will be saved much vexation and expense.
Source: Richard
Bitmead; Aldren Watson, Country Furniture New
York: Crowell, 1974 |
Grit: A measure of the
coarseness of an Abrasive
such as Sand
Paper. The higher the number, the finer the
grains. (The number is the number of grains per inch.)
Groove: A furrow running the length of
the board with the grain. See also Dado.
Also the Groove
in the top of a table on Table Saw, or other power
tool that employs a Table as part of it assembly. The groove is used to
guarantee that, in relation to the saw's Blade,
the Miter Square, Sled or
other similar Jig slides accurately on the tool's
table.
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